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The Color of Death: Legacy of Agent Orange Still Plagues Vietnam After Decades of Peace_我的网站

A | On August 10, 1961, American forces for the first time spayed Agent Orange in Vietnam as part of its herbicidal warfare program, Operation Ranch Hand.,Here’s a closer look into this highly toxic defoliant chemical, the use of which by the US military during the 1955-1975 Vietnam War resulted in up to one million people being disabled, according to the Red Cross of Vietnam’s estimates.,What is Agent Orange?,The defoliant derived its name from the color of the orange-striped US gallon barrels in which the chemical was shipped and stored.,It was created in 1940 and used in the United States as an agricultural defoliant, as it had the ability to kill some plants while leaving others unaffected.,Using the Defense Production Act of 1950, the US government prodded several American companies to make Agent Orange for military use. A 50:50 mixture of the herbicides 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D, the defoliant contains an extremely toxic dioxin compound.,Effects of Agent Orange,A 50:50 mixture of the 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Agent Orange contains the Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, or TCDD, the most toxic of the dioxins, classified as a human carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency.,Even short-term exposure to TCDD can cause cancer, liver problems and a severe acne-like skin disease, known as chloracne. The dioxin is also linked to type 2 diabetes, immune system dysfunction, nerve disorders, muscular dysfunction, hormone disruption and heart disease.,Additionally, the chemical can cause miscarriages, spina bifida and other problems with fetal brain and nervous system development.,Use of Agent Orange in Vietnam,During the 1955-1975 Vietnam war, the first US defoliation missions were launched near the Vietnamese village of Dak To in 1961.,The goal was to remove cover and concealment used by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army, so as to reveal hidden bases, communications centers and potential targets, and to improve visibility in tracking troop movements.,More than 13 million gallons (about 59 million liters) of Agent Orange was used by the US military in Vietnam, or almost two-thirds of the total amount of herbicides used during the entire Vietnam War.,The chemical was available in slightly different mixtures, sometimes referred to as Agent Orange I, Agent Orange II, Agent Orange III and “Super Orange”.,End of Agent Orange?,In 1969, the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) urged the Pentagon to end its use of herbicides containing dioxin, specifically Agent Orange, something that the Department of Defense (DoD) eventually did.,Even so, the defoliation campaign continued, with the US military switching to Agent White, a chemical herbicide that did not contain the dioxin contaminant.,In May 1970, the US Air Force (USAF) flew its last defoliation mission, and almost a year later, the DoD announced that all crop destruction missions would also cease.,The remaining 2.22 million gallons of Agent Orange were moved by the USAF to Johnston Island Atoll in the South Pacific, where they were incinerated.,Legacy,The Vietnamese government said that up to four million people in the country were exposed to Agent Orange, and as many as three million people had suffered illness because of the defoliant.,The Vietnam Red Cross in turn pointed out that the defoliant had affected at least 150,000 children, and that babies in Vietnam are still being born with birth defects due to Agent Orange. In this regard, numerous studies revealed that dioxin levels are still in place in the blood samples of the citizens of both North and South Vietnam.,The chemical also caused immense environmental damage in Vietnam, with more than 3,100,000 hectares (31,000 km2) of forest being defoliated ( for comparison's sake, Taiwan measures 36,197 km2).,Opinion & AnalysisAnniversary of Agent Orange Disaster: Only United Can We Relieve the Suffering of Many Generations10:21 GMT,Agent Orange-related issues also emerged in the US after an increasing number of returning Vietnam veterans and their families began to report a range of health problems, including skin irritations, miscarriages, psychological symptoms, type 2 diabetes, birth defects in children and cancers such as Hodgkin’s disease, prostate cancer and leukemia.,1979 saw a class action lawsuit filed on behalf of 2.4 million US veterans, who were exposed to Agent Orange during their service in Vietnam. In 1984, seven major US chemical companies that manufactured the defoliant agreed to pay $180 million in damages to the veterans or their next of kin.,Vietnam War,The 1955-1975 Vietnam War, which involved Laos and Cambodia, pitted communist North Vietnam and the Viet Cong revolutionary organization against South Vietnam, supported by Washington.,Preconditions for the war pertained to the desire of North Vietnam, which defeated the French colonial administration in 1954, to unify the entire country under a single communist authority, like in the Soviet Union or China. The South Vietnamese government, for its part, sought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West.,The US was concerned over the spread of communism to South Vietnam and then to the rest of Asia, which prompted Washington to end money, supplies and military advisers to help the South Vietnamese government.,On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese boats attacked a US Navy destroyer, the USS Maddox, patrolling in the Gulf of Tonkin near Vietnam, in what was used by the White House as a pretext to escalate the war and send American combat units to the South East Asian country. However, the US costs and casualties in the war prompted Washington to withdraw American troops by 1973, and a couple of years later, South Vietnam fell to a full-scale invasion by the North.,An array of war crimes was committed by the US military during the war, including the My Lai massacre, in which up to 504 unarmed South Vietnamese civilians, including women, children, and infants, were killed by US Army soldiers on March 16, 1968.,Another war crime pertains to Operation Speedy Express, conducted by the US Army in Vietnam’s Mekong Delta between December 1968 and May 1969 as part of the American military’s effort to pacify the Viet Cong. The operation led to 5,000 to 7,000 casualties who were reported to have been civilians.。一 2025年诺贝尔经济学奖得主是‌乔尔·莫基尔（Joel Mokyr）‌、‌菲利普·阿吉翁（Philippe Aghion）‌和‌彼得·豪伊特（Peter Howitt）‌，以表彰他们对“创新驱动的经济增长”理论的阐释。

B | 公布的那天，我应景地读了阿吉翁等写的《创造性破坏的力量》。前面写过《拉斯洛与李白》，拉斯洛笔下是那个走向“热寂”的宇宙，但阿吉翁却为我们指出那股对抗“熵增”的强大力量——创造性破坏。他的核心理念有三：创新与知识传播是增长的核心；创新依赖激励与产权保护；新的创新让以往的创新变得过时。并且提出，企业是创新的主体，政府则扮演着“投资人”和“保险人”的角色，而民间社会则提供监督、伦理和文化支持。他在书中指出，为什么创新越来越难？因为新思想的发现越来越难，比如，要实现摩尔定律，需要的研究人员数量是70年代的18倍。这就是一个需要付出更大努力，才能维持增长的时代。

C | 于是，这也是一个下一代很难在同领域超越上一代的时代，唯一的超越路径就是寻找看似风马牛不相及的新空间、新领地。他自己就是闯出新天地的典范。菲利普·阿吉翁的家族史，本身就是一部“创造性破坏”的生动史诗。

D | 不断进行腾挪转化，时空变革。他的母亲Gaby Aghion（布里埃尔·阿格依奥，1921年~2014年9月27日），在20世纪50年代的巴黎，敏锐地察觉到“高级定制”（Haute Couture）对女性身体与精神的双重束缚。这位成长于埃及亚历山大港、浸润于巴黎左岸知识分子沙龙的女性，决定发起一场时尚界的革命。

E | 她创立Chloé，开创了“高级成衣”（luxury prêt-à-porter）的概念，旨在创造“柔软、有活力、身体自由”的服装。这是一场以“美”为武器，对僵化传统的“创造性破坏”。而菲利普·阿吉翁，则将这份家族基因，从实践升华到了理论。他曾在École normale supérieure de Cachan（现属巴黎-萨克雷大学体系）学习数学，取得DEA（深造文凭）及博士学位；之后赴哈佛大学攻读经济学博士。他没有继承母亲的商业帝国，而是选择了充满数学模型的经济学。

F | 他将母亲凭直觉和勇气掀起的时尚革命，提炼为能够解释整个资本主义经济增长的宏大范式。他与Peter Howitt合作，发展了“新－熊彼特式增长模型”（Neo-Schumpeterian growth paradigm），将创新、竞争、技术进步纳入长期增长的内生变量。母亲用剪刀和布料实践，儿子用数学和数据抽象。“创造性破坏”的基因，在两代人身上，以不同的形式，完成了完美的传承。一个家族中总要有这样的传承序列——有自己的哲学和理论，并得到公共性认可。阿吉翁家族的“从从容容游刃有余”，源于他们所拥有的三重自由：物质基底的保障；文化流动的视野；智识突破的精神追求。

G | 他们没有被财富所困，而是将其作为撬动更高层次价值的杠杆。

H | 二国庆假期，郑州一家13平米的小吃店突然爆火。它的锅能当镜子照，它公示所有成本与利润，它的墙壁上贴满哲学和诗歌。它在门口挂着一副对联：“买菜卖饭看书下棋，地段客流消费能力”，横批：“大小多少”。这副对联，精妙地道出了两种价值体系的对立。前半句是“魂”——关乎生活本身的、质朴而有趣的日常；后半句是“体”——关乎商业逻辑的、冰冷而理性的计算。店主显然选择了前者。他最令人惊叹的举动，是在流量的巅峰时刻，毅然闭店，门口贴着：“等热度下去了再营业”。这是一种何其清醒的“创造性破坏”！在人人追逐流量的时代，他亲手“破坏”了自己一夜爆红、迅速变现的巨大可能性。他破坏的，是外部世界强加于他的“网红”身份；他创造的，是守护自己内心节奏与初心的自由空间。退避以实现更高进取，隐遁中完成更深参与。

I | 一个人有边界，是知道自己的价值、局限和适度。人的韧性要跟自己的洞察相结合！他并非没有更大的梦想。门口的铜牌写着他的梦想：“拥有一个能容纳一百人同时进餐的饭店，邀请品德高尚的人来讲述自己的人生，提醒人们尽早地、持续地思索自己人生的意义……” 你看，他的“创造性破坏”，是为了一个更宏大、更纯粹的“创造”。

J | 其实精神上的贵，跟物质上的富，有时候真的没什么特别的关系。三将阿吉翁家族与这家小吃店并置，我看到了两种截然不同，却又内核相通的优雅。阿吉翁家族的优雅，是“加法”的优雅。他们拥有足够的资源，去打破旧世界，创造新世界。Gaby为时尚界增加了一种新的可能性，而阿吉翁为经济学增加了一种新的解释范式。小吃店店主的优雅，是“减法”的优雅。他主动舍弃了唾手可得的巨大流量与财富，以“少”来换取“真”。

K | 然而，他们都在实践着同一种“创造性破坏”：以强大的内在标准，对抗外部世界的喧嚣与诱惑。

L | 能有办法做最好的自己的版本的人是幸运的！他们都有一个超越利润的“为什么”。Gaby是为了女性的解放，店主是为了“人生的意义”，菲利普是为了“理解世界”。他们都有一种“不被裹挟”的定力。Gaby不被高级定制的传统所束缚，店主不被流量的狂欢所裹挟，菲利普不被家族的商业背景所定义。

M | 真正的勇者非死守阵地，而是知何时转移阵地；非永远在场的主角，而是懂得适时谢幕的智者。他们最终都抵达了一种“自在”的状态。阿吉翁家族的“游刃有余”，与小吃店店主的“自在洁净”，本质上都是一种精神上的自由与自洽。无论是阿吉翁家族的宏大史诗，还是“人生的意义”小吃店的微观寓言，都在告诉我们同一个道理：真正的“创造性破坏”，其力量源泉，永远是那份纯粹的、不可动摇的内在核心。内在核心，其实更高级别就是德性和公共性。它可能表现为一场颠覆行业的革命，也可能表现为一次安静的关门谢客。形式不同，但其内核一致——那就是守护“魂”对“体”的绝对引领。在这个每日奔忙、时常迷失的时代，这份清醒与坚守，或许才是我们每个人都最需要的“人生的意义”。其实人生的意义，就是对“生生不息”的敬畏与参与：无论是时尚的更迭、经济的增长，还是小吃店的开闭，都体现着宇宙“生生不息”的伟大规律。人生的意义，或许就在于理解并参与到这场永恒的“创造性破坏”之中。它不是简单的“去旧迎新”，而是在每一次“破坏”中，实现更深层次的“创造”，在每一次“失去”中，找到更纯粹的“所得”。